What is the nature of immunity that ALJs possess?

Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) have the nature of judicial immunity while performing their official duties. This means that when ALJs are acting within the scope of their judicial responsibilities, they are typically protected from lawsuits for actions taken in that capacity. This immunity is designed to ensure that ALJs can make decisions without the fear of personal liability, which is crucial for maintaining the independence and integrity of the judicial process.

Judicial immunity is a long-standing principle in law that reflects the belief that the public interest is best served when judges can make decisions impartially, without concern for potential personal repercussions. This immunity is not absolute and may not apply in all circumstances, particularly if ALJs act outside their jurisdiction or engage in clear misconduct. However, when conducting hearings, making rulings, or otherwise functioning in their judicial roles, they are protected from being sued for those actions.

The other options do not accurately reflect the nature of ALJs' roles or protections. For instance, ALJs can be removed from office under certain circumstances, thus negating any notion of absolute permanence. Additionally, restrictions on engaging in private practice are often based on ethical standards and job role requirements, rather than being a characteristic of immunity. The focus on their immunity highlights the importance of judicial independence