Which scenario is an example of actual authority?

The scenario presented where a boss authorizes an employee to make an order on behalf of the company exemplifies actual authority because it involves a clear and direct delegation of power. Actual authority occurs when a principal (in this case, the boss or company) explicitly grants an agent (the employee) the right to perform a specific action or make decisions that affect the principal's business. This grant of authority is often communicated through verbal or written instructions, establishing that the employee has the legitimate power to act on behalf of the company in this particular context.

In contrast, the other scenarios do not meet the criteria for actual authority. An employee placing an order without prior permission indicates a lack of authorization, as there was no communication of authority from the principal. Third-party belief of authority based on prior actions may suggest apparent authority or implied authority, but it does not constitute actual authority since it relies on the perception of a third party rather than a direct grant from the principal. Requesting a contract from a supplier does not necessarily imply that the person involved has been given authority to act on behalf of the company; it could simply be a query rather than an action taken under actual authority. Therefore, only the scenario involving explicit authorization by the boss accurately represents actual authority.